Eurotiomycetes

Eurotiomycetes is a large class of ascomycetes with cleistothecial ascocarps within the subphylum Pezizomycotina, currently containing around 3810 species according to the Catalogue of Life. It is the third largest lichenized class, with more than 1200 lichen species that are mostly bitunicate in the formation of asci. It contains most of the fungi previously known morphologically as "Plectomycetes".

Systematics and phylogeny

Internal relationships

The class Eurotiomycetes was circumscribed in 1997 by Swedish mycologists Ove Erik Eriksson and Katarina Winka. At that time it only contained the order Eurotiales, which together with the next order added, Onygenales, form a monophyletic group comprising most of the fungi in "Plectomycetes", a group no longer in use that unified fungi under exclusively morphological characteristics.

As more orders were added to Eurotiomycetes, the first two along with Arachnomycetales became constrained to the first subclass, Eurotiomycetidae. In 2001, the second subclass, Chaetothyriomycetidae, was erected to accommodate Chaetothyriales and its sister group Verrucariales, as well as Pyrenulales since 2004. These two remain as the major subclasses of Eurotiomycetes.

The remaining subclasses were created through more phylogenetic analyses to accommodate outlying taxa or newly discovered groups: Mycocaliciomycetidae in 2007, Coryneliomycetidae and Sclerococcomycetidae in 2016, and lastly Cryptocaliciomycetidae in 2021. The following cladogram shows the relationships between all Eurotiomycetes orders and monotypic subclasses as of 2021:

External relationships

The class Eurotiomycetes forms a clade with Lecanoromycetes, the largest lichenized class of fungi.

Taxonomy

As of 2022, the taxonomy of Eurotiomycetes recognizes 5 subclasses, 10 orders, 34 families and 289 valid genera. The families are listed here followed by the number of genera.

Subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae Doweld 2001

Order Chaetothyriales M.E. Barr 1987

Family Chaetothyriaceae Hansf. ex M.E. Barr 1979 – 19 genera

Family Coccodiniaceae Höhn. ex O.E. Erikss. – 4 genera

Family Cyphellophoraceae Réblová & Unter. – 2 genera

Family Epibryaceae S. Stenroos & Gueidan – 1 genus

Family Herpotrichiellaceae Munk – 17 genera

Family Lyrommataceae Lücking – 1 genus

Family Microtheliopsidaceae O.E. Erikss. – 1 genus

Family Paracladophialophoraceae Crous – 1 genus

Family Pyrenotrichaceae Zahlbr – 2 genera

Family Trichomeriaceae Chomnunti & K.D. Hyde (=Strelitzianaceae Crous & M.J. Wingf.) – 9 genera

Chaetothyriales incertae sedis – 11 genera

Order Phaeomoniellales K.H. Chen, A.E. Arnold, Gueidan & Lutzoni

Family Celotheliaceae Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (=Phaeomoniellaceae P.M. Kirk) – 11 genera

Order Pyrenulales Fink ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.

Family Pyrenulaceae Rabenh. – 12 genera

Pyrenulales incertae sedis – 2 genera

Order Verrucariales Mattick ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.

Family Adelococcaceae Triebel – 3 genera

Family Sarcopyreniaceae Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux – 1 genera

Family Verrucariaceae Zenker – 52 genera

Verrucariales incertae sedis – 4 genera

Chaetothyriomycetidae incertae sedis

Family Rhynchostomataceae Winka & O.E. Erikss. – 2 genera

Subclass Cryptocaliciomycetidae M. Prieto, Etayo and Olariaga 2021

Order Cryptocaliciales M. Prieto, Etayo and Olariaga 2021

Family Cryptocaliciaceae Etayo, Olariaga and M. Prieto – 1 genus

Subclass Coryneliomycetidae A.R. Wood, Damm, J.Z. Groenew., Cheew. & Crous

Order Coryneliales Seaver & Chardon

Family Coryneliaceae Sacc. ex Berl. & Voglino – 8 genera

Family Eremascaceae Engl. & E. Gilg – 2 genera

Subclass Eurotiomycetidae Geiser & Lutzoni

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